2010/3/31
衛生署豐原醫院 外科
游朝慶
Pressure Ulcer Stage
Stage I第一期
舊定義
  • 和周邊皮膚或對側皮膚比起來,其完整的皮膚上有可觀察到和重壓有關的變化,包括溫度,堅實度,或感覺。其傷口在淺色皮膚上看起來是持續地紅,但在顏色較深的皮膚上,顏色可能看起來是紅,藍或紫色。
新定義
  • 為在完整的皮膚上給予指壓時紅斑不會消失,但是皮膚尚未破損,通常位於骨頭突出處,這是皮膚潰瘍的先前表徵。
  • 在顏色較深的皮膚上可能不容易偵測,若局部顏色和周圍皮膚不一樣時就需注意。
  • 注意:此部位可能摸起來會痛,硬,熱,冰等和周圍皮膚不一樣的感覺,在皮膚顏色較深的患者可註明為可能遭受傷害(at risk)的人。
補充:
  • 此新定義再度強調皮膚是完整的,但看起來有一些改變,如顏色,感覺等
舊定義
[A]n observable, pressure-related alteration of intact skin whose indicators as compared to the adjacent or opposite area on the body may include changes in one or more of the following: skin temperature…, tissue consistency…, and/or sensation….
The ulcer appears as a defined area of persistent redness in lightly pigmented skin, whereas in darker tones, the ulcer may appear with persistent red, blue, or purple hues.
新定義
Intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; its color may differ from the surrounding area.


Further description:
The area may be painful, firm, soft, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue. Stage I may be difficult to detect in individuals with dark skin tones. May indicate “at risk” persons (a heralding sign of risk).


Stage II第二期
舊定義
  • 部份皮膚損傷,傷及表皮或真皮。這種潰瘍是表淺的,外表看起來像擦傷、起水泡、或淺的凹陷。
  • 傷口基部呈潮濕粉紅,會有疼痛感。有時會呈現水泡性傷口。
新定義
  • 表皮完全損失及部份真皮損失,表現為一個表淺開放的潰瘍,傷口底部傷口底部是紅或粉紅的,沒有腐肉,也可以表現為充滿漿液完整沒破,或破掉的水泡
  • 注意:傷口底部是發亮或乾的,沒有腐肉,或瘀傷
  • 此時期不該被用來描述撕裂商,燒傷,尿布疹,浸潤或擦傷
  • *瘀傷有可能是疑深層組織損傷 suspected deep tissue injury
補充:
    『淺的凹陷』會讓許多照顧者輕估三度為二度壓瘡,實際上,表皮只有1mm,而真皮層平均只有2mm深,因此二度壓瘡是非常淺的,一旦傷口看起來有凹陷,往往已經是吃到皮下組織,屬於三度壓瘡,因此新的定義將『淺的凹陷』改為『表淺開放的潰瘍』。新的定義並且強調二度壓瘡不該出現腐肉,以及水泡無論破掉與否都算是二度壓瘡,如有瘀傷,則可能會同時存在深層組織損傷,此定義並且排除一些人為的擦傷,抓傷,尿布疹等皮膚損傷
舊定義
Partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis, or both. The ulcer is superficial and presents clinically as an abrasion, blister, or shallow crater.
新定義
Partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red/pink wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/ruptured serum-filled blister.
Further description:
Presents as a shiny or dry shallow ulcer without slough or bruising.* This stage should not be used to describe skin tears, tape burns, perineal dermatitis, maceration or excoriation. *Bruising indicates suspected deep tissue injury.



Stage III第三期
舊定義:
  • 全層皮膚都爛掉,深及皮下組織,甚至到達筋膜但沒有穿透,可看到脂肪組織,但看不到肌肉,骨頭,韌帶。
  • 這種潰瘍臨床上看起來像深的凹陷,可能挖入臨近的皮膚。
新定義:
  • 全層皮膚缺損,可看到皮下脂肪,但肌肉,骨頭,韌帶沒有被暴露出來,會出現腐肉,但不阻礙傷口深度的觀察,可以有口袋或隧道形成
  • 注意:在不同解剖位置,其深度會不一樣。在鼻樑,耳朵,後腦杓,腳踝等處沒有皮下脂肪,其三度壓瘡可以非常淺,在脂肪很多的部位,則可能會很深,骨頭及韌帶是不可被看到或摸到。
補充:
  • 新的定義強調全層皮膚缺損,所以已穿過真皮層,傷及皮下脂肪組織,但筋膜仍是完整,故不會看到肌肉,骨頭,韌帶組織
  • 傷口基部不痛。
舊定義:
Full thickness skin loss involving damage to, or necrosis of, subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to, but not through, underlying fascia. The ulcer presents clinically as a deep crater with or without undermining of adjacent tissue. 5
新定義:
Full thickness skin loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone, tendon or muscle are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the depth of tissue loss. May include undermining and tunneling.
Further description:
The depth of a stage III pressure ulcer varies by anatomical location. The bridge of the nose, ear, occiput and malleolus don’t have subcutaneous tissue and stage III ulcers can be shallow. In contrast, areas of significant adiposity can develop extremely deep stage III pressure ulcers. Bone/tendon is not visible or directly palpable.
Stage IV第四期
舊定義:
  • 大範圍的全層皮膚和組織潰爛,組織破壞可能深及肌肉、骨頭、或支持性的結構(例如肌腱或關節囊)。
新定義:
  • 全層皮膚缺損,並暴露出骨頭,韌帶,或肌肉,在傷口床上或可見到腐肉或痂皮,通常會有口袋及隧道
注意:在不同解剖位置,其深度會不一樣。在鼻樑,耳朵,後腦杓,腳踝等處沒有皮下脂肪,其壓瘡可以非常淺,四級壓瘡已吃到肌肉,或其支持組織(如筋膜,韌帶,及關節腔)而可能導致骨髓炎,骨頭及韌帶是可被看到或摸到。
補充:
  • 新的定義強調已看到肌肉,骨頭,韌帶組織,常常可看到口袋及隧道,
  • 他提醒,若四度壓瘡久不癒合,要考慮到是否有骨髓炎。
  • 傷口基部不痛。
舊定義:
Full thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures (e.g., tendon, joint capsule).
新定義:
Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often include undermining and tunneling.
Further description:
The depth of a stage IV pressure ulcer varies by anatomical location. Bridge of nose, ear, occiput and malleolus do not have subcutaneous tissue and these ulcers can be shallow. Stage IV ulcers can extend into muscle and/or supporting structures (e.g., fascia, tendon or joint capsule) making osteomyelitis possible. Exposed bone/tendon is visible or directly palpable.

疑深層組織損傷 Suspected Deep Tissue Injury:
DTI這個名詞,以前往往被稱為密閉壓瘡closed pressure ulcer,紫色壓瘡purple pressure ulcer,深層組織傷害deep tissue damage,臥姿皮膚炎decubitus dermatitis或被認為是不可分期的unstagable,其往往快速惡化,常在骨頭突出處出現淤青。
舊定義
  • 因為重壓導致的在完整皮膚之下的皮下組織傷害。起初表現為深色淤傷,但儘管有適當的治療,還是往往會惡化為第3或第4期壓瘡。
新定義
  • 由於重壓或剪力導致皮下組織損傷,使得局部的完整皮膚出現紫色或紫褐色的,或出現充血的水泡,這種傷口可能繼發於和周邊相比不一樣的皮膚感覺,如疼痛,堅硬,糊稠(boggy,泥沼般,如摸到滑液囊腫或疝氣囊般的感覺,即皮下有一包水的感覺),鬆軟(mushy,固液相共存,半流質semi-liquid,濃粥狀的,有點像擠出的青春痘般糊糊的,或磨砂洗面乳般的感覺),溫暖或冰冷的
  • 注意:在顏色較深的皮膚上可能不容易偵測,其進展可以是在傷口床上有一薄的水泡,或更進一步發展成薄的痂皮,即使有適當的治療,還是有可能快速地進展侵犯到其他組織
  • 下面一個個案說明了深層組織傷害DTI:有一個人在家裡跌倒並且摔斷他的腿,但直到三天後,他才被鄰居發現,在急診室,護士檢查並紀錄說在其薦骨處有一大片瘀青般的紫斑。這個人隨即接受手術治療骨折,並在術後轉到外科病房。病房護士再度評估及記錄其壓瘡,並擬定翻身時間表,以避免平躺。術後三天,薦骨處出現一大片壞死組織,醫師診斷為壓瘡。這個就是深層組織傷害DTI。發生,雖然這個傷害發生在患者在家的那三天,但直到住院三天後,真正的傷害才顯露出來。這個壓瘡的案發現場不是發生在急診室,開刀房,或病房,而是發生在病患的家裡。
如今有這個DTI新定義是有幫助的。以前當患者發生一個疑似DTI,治療者必須去決定這個壓瘡是第一度的(因為其皮膚是完整的),或是不可分期的。如今這類壓瘡已有一個適當的分類。一旦一個DTI發生,即使有最好的治療(如翻身及氣墊床),傷口也可能會快速惡化。
舊定義
Deep tissue injury (DTI) was initially defined as "A pressure related injury to subcutaneous tissues under intact skin. Initially, these lesions have the appearance of a deep bruise and they may herald the development of subsequent development of a Stage III-IV pressure ulcer even with optimal treatment" (NPUAP, 2001).
新定義
Purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.
Further description:
Deep tissue injury may be difficult to detect in individuals with dark skin tones. Evolution may include a thin blister over a dark wound bed. The wound may further evolve and become covered by thin eschar. Evolution may be rapid exposing additional layers of tissue even with optimal treatment.


無法分期的unstageable
  • 全層皮膚缺損,並傷口底部被腐肉slough或痂皮eschar覆蓋,導致無法評估。
  • 注意:一旦足夠的腐肉或痂皮被清除,露出傷口的底部,及真正的深度,期別就能被確定
  • 然而請特別注意,在腳跟的穩定痂皮stable eschar(乾的,緊密的,完整的,沒有紅或變動的)可以提供『身體自然的生物屏障』,絕對不可以去清除。NPUAP特別去強調這一點,因為腳跟的循環很差,在跟骨和皮膚之間的皮下組織很少(沒有肉),假如壞死組織被清創了,骨髓炎及其隨後的截肢危險機會是非常高的。此時,此部位應避免再度被重壓,而此處的痂皮應保持乾燥及完整。有很多臨床照顧者使用優碘塗抹來保持痂皮乾燥及消毒。
新定義
Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in the wound bed.
Further description:Until enough slough and/or eschar is removed to expose the base of the wound, the true depth, and therefore stage, cannot be determined. Stable (dry, adherent, intact without erythema or fluctuance) eschar on the heels serves as "the body's natural (biological) cover" and should not be removed.

壓瘡的分級只是適當的記錄影響組織的深淺
  • 第四級的壓瘡就不能往回到第三、第二或第一級,所以已經癒合的第四級壓瘡,在指標報告時還是屬於第四級。
  • 使用壓瘡分級的方法來說明壓瘡痊癒時,必須是表皮下面的組織都逐層的修復回來才算。臨床研究顯示,第四級的壓瘡癒合時都會比較淺,因為表皮長好時,下面長的都不是原來的肌肉、皮下組織和真皮,而是肉芽組織,其是由內皮細胞、纖維母細胞、膠質、和細胞外間質所構成。所以第四級的壓瘡不能變成第三、第二、或第一級的壓瘡,因為解剖與結構上沒有按照表皮、真皮、皮下組織、肌肉、和骨頭的順序長回來。
  • NPUAP於1995年就強調NPUAP分期系統絕對不能用來形容傷口的癒合進展,此建議至今仍是沒變
參考資料
1. http://www.npuap.org/resources.htm
2. http://www.clinimed.co.uk/wound-care/education/indication-classification/pressure-ulcers.aspx
3. Deep Tissue Injury and the NPUAP Staging Definitions; Jackie Todd, RN (slide)http://www.slideshare.net/savealegsavealife/deep-tissue-injury-and-the-npuap-staging-definitions-jackie-todd-rn
4. NPUAP Position on Reverse Staging of Pressure Ulcers. NPUAP Report 1995;4(2).
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