慶醫師
鬱滯性皮膚炎這類患者有許多因為下肢紅腫痛、破皮、流湯,被當作蜂窩性組織炎而住院,但白血球卻不高,其實只是鬱滯性皮膚炎合併急性的eczema濕疹樣變化,但還是需與過敏接觸性皮膚炎(contact sensitization),以及因濕疹破皮導致的細菌感染(superinfection)做鑑別診斷,嚴重者需配合類固醇局部塗抹或抗生素治療。此外,鬱滯性皮膚炎在剛發生,色素沈澱不明顯時,在急性期時,也可能會有發炎、膿疱、流湯、痂皮等濕疹樣變化,或者併發細菌感染,此時不好鑑別診斷,但在有色素沈澱的慢性期時,也可能會有急性發炎反應,表現出紅腫痛(沒有熱),像蜂窩性組織炎的反應,診斷重點在於鬱滯性皮膚炎的濕疹變化會同時發生於兩腳,緩慢發生,可延續1周到數個月。對於過敏接觸性皮膚炎,據統計,在比較嚴重的鬱滯性皮膚炎患者中(有潰瘍),以皮膚貼布測試skin patch test來測試,有46-82%的人至少對一種物質導致過敏1-8,甚至有些人高達對4種過敏原過敏1。且鬱滯性皮膚炎病程愈久,欲容易過敏1,而導致過敏的物質,最常見為用於香水和皮膚化妝水的秘魯香樹油myroxylon pereirae(41%),其次為各種香料fragrance (26.5%),,再來為抗菌藥膏或藥水antiseptics (20%,如優碘,新黴素藥膏等),最後連治療過敏的類固醇corticosteroids (8%)也可能是過敏原1,在台灣,比較常見的過敏原則為優碘,抗生素藥膏、中草藥敷料(如鎮地蜈蚣、左手香等),不過測過敏接觸性皮膚炎的皮膚貼布測試需觀察1禮拜,並且期間不能沖澡;臨床實際上,我先排除掉有無蜂窩性組織炎(有無局部發熱、測CRP,WBC/DC),接著不管是鬱滯性皮膚炎的濕疹變化或過敏接觸性皮膚炎,都是先不要塗抹任何藥物,每天將傷口清洗乾淨,不要包紮,或者使用矽膠類敷料覆蓋(如mepilex),若症狀在3天到1禮拜內改善就是過敏,若一禮拜沒完全改善則可能是鬱滯性皮膚炎的濕疹變化,若有流湯等較嚴重症狀,則配合類固醇藥膏治療。
至於平時的保養則是每天以不含皂、溫和、不含香料的沐浴乳(如施巴、多芬、歐雷的某些低敏感配方)清洗皮膚,把痂皮及細菌洗掉,並接著以凡士林將兩下肢充分保濕,並穿上長襪子以保護兩小腿不要受傷(當然彈性襪最好,但在台灣這種濕熱環境穿不住,除非在冬天或整天都在冷氣房內)。
最後還是直接來看圖,圖6兩腳踝有色素沈澱,左小腿有紅腫痛,於腳踝處有脫屑流湯,但白血球不高,被內科以蜂窩性組織炎收住院,圖7雙腳腫脹,表皮變厚、脫屑,有半年不癒合的慢性傷口,患者已習慣,並堅持讓傷口開放,保持乾燥,圖8為左腳踝有色素沈澱,腳踝外側有表淺傷口並濕疹變化,此也可能是塗抹外用藥膏過敏,圖9為一個特別的個案,此為心臟衰竭患者,四肢水腫已半年,來外科門診時因雙小腿傷口合併紅腫熱痛,合併喘(SOB)的症狀,懷疑蜂窩性組織炎而住院,但白血球不高,經利尿劑及彈繃加壓治療,兩個禮拜後左小腿傷口已縮小一半,(如圖9)。
圖6, stasis dermatitis with eczema
圖7,stasis ulcer with eczema & lipodermatosclerosis
圖8,stasis ulcer with eczema
圖9,stasis ulcer with eczema, edema due to heart failure, treat with compression therapy and lasix
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